For countless travellers, trains are an indispensable part of life, seamlessly connecting cities via metros, subways, and long-distance routes. Yet, a fascinating group of nations operates successfully without a single kilometre of railway track. The reasons are as diverse as the countries themselves, ranging from formidable geography to economic pragmatism.
Mountains, Islands, and Deserts: The Geographic Hurdles
In many cases, the natural landscape itself makes railway construction a near-impossible feat. Andorra, the tiny principality high in the Pyrenees between France and Spain, is a prime example. Its dramatic mountain terrain renders building a railway both technically difficult and financially unreasonable for its small size. Instead, it thrives on excellent road links and frequent bus services from neighbouring Spanish and French train stations.
Similarly, the Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan is defined by steep mountains, cliffs, and deep valleys. While proposals like the Kokrajhar–Gelephu link to India have been discussed, the country has prioritised a carefully managed road network. Travel here remains a slow, scenic experience, unhurried by the absence of trains.
Iceland faces challenges from its volatile geology—volcanic activity, glaciers, and rugged coastlines—coupled with a small, dispersed population. A railway system is deemed unfeasible. The country relies on its famous Ring Road and a robust network of domestic flights for longer journeys.
The ultimate geographic challenge is seen in the Maldives. Its nation of scattered islands across the ocean offers no continuous landmass for tracks. Transport is brilliantly adapted to the environment: short distances on islands are walkable, while speedboats, ferries, and seaplanes connect the atolls.
Economic Realities and Strategic Choices
Beyond geography, economic factors and strategic development plans play a decisive role. Cyprus once had a functional railway. The Cyprus Government Railway operated from 1905 to 1951 but closed post-World War II due to financial unsustainability, rising car ownership, and the shift to roads. Today, an extensive bus network forms the backbone of its public transport.
In the Gulf, Bahrain's compact size meant roads were always sufficient for domestic needs. The nation focused its resources on major highways and international links like the crucial 25-kilometre King Fahd Causeway to Saudi Arabia, which facilitates cross-border trade and travel, negating the need for an internal rail system.
Oman's vast deserts and mountains presented significant barriers, while its historically dispersed population reduced demand. The Sultanate chose to invest heavily in a modern highway network, ports, and logistics hubs, which now efficiently support its economy and trade.
When Instability Halts Development
For some nations, the dream of railways remains deferred due to prolonged instability. Yemen is a stark case where ongoing conflict and economic crises have prevented any meaningful railway development. Rebuilding essential infrastructure and services takes absolute precedence over new transport projects in the current scenario.
These seven nations demonstrate that the absence of railways does not equate to isolation. They have developed innovative, context-specific solutions—from world-class roads and causeways to ferries and flight networks—ensuring they remain well-connected and integrated into global travel and trade. Their stories highlight how transport infrastructure is ultimately shaped by a pragmatic blend of terrain, economy, and necessity.
