India’s coastline stretches for more than 7,500 km, encompassing coral reefs, mangroves, and tropical seas that support a spectacular array of marine life. Among its lesser-known inhabitants are sea snakes—highly adapted reptiles that spend most or nearly all of their lives in the ocean. While some species are harmless, others possess potent venom. From time to time, news reports emerge of sea snakes being spotted at popular Indian beaches, making it important for travellers to be aware of them.
Are Sea Snakes Dangerous to Humans?
Despite their venom, sea snakes are non-aggressive beings. Most incidents occur when fishermen accidentally catch them in nets or when travellers unknowingly venture into unfamiliar waters. Below, we explore five of the most venomous sea snakes found in Indian waters.
Beaked Sea Snake
The beaked sea snake is one of the world’s most venomous sea snakes and is responsible for a noticeable number of reported sea snake bites in South and Southeast Asia. Its venom is extremely toxic, affecting muscles and the nervous system. A distinctive feature is its hooked snout, or "beak." In India, it can be found in coastal waters off Gujarat, the Odisha shoreline, the West Bengal coast and Sundarbans, and waters off Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
Yellow-bellied Sea Snake
This spectacular and venomous marine snake spends almost its entire life in open water and is easily recognised by its striking colour pattern. Sightings are uncommon as they live in deeper waters. In India, it is found in the Bay of Bengal, around the Andaman Islands, and occasionally near Lakshadweep.
Annulated Sea Snake
The annulated sea snake is another highly venomous species in Indian waters. It has a long, slender body marked with broad bluish-grey rings. This agile swimmer feeds on fish and its venom is extremely potent. It generally avoids human interaction. Locations include waters off Odisha, the shores of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and the Andaman Islands.
Spine-bellied Sea Snake
Also known as the short sea snake, the spine-bellied sea snake is among the most common sea snakes caught accidentally in fishing nets across the Indian Ocean. It has a relatively short, thick body with dark bands, and its venom is powerful enough to immobilise fish rapidly. In India, it is found in coastal waters off Kerala, Karnataka, Goa, and the eastern coastline of Tamil Nadu.
Dubois’ Sea Snake
Dubois’ sea snake has been reported from several parts of the eastern Indian Ocean and is occasionally spotted in Indian marine ecosystems, mostly around island territories. It inhabits coral reef ecosystems around the Andaman Sea.
